| The Great Famine |
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| Famine Emigration | |
| Immigrant Ship Passenger Lists | ~KHuish at tripod |
| Emigration, Crossing and Arrival | Nebraska Dept. of Education |
| Coffin ships | The History Place |
| Receiving Erin's Children | University of North Carolina Press |
| Robert Whyte's The Journey of an Irish Coffin Ship (on-line book) | aepizeta.org |
| The Force of Hope: The Legacy of Father McGauran | White Pine Pictures |
| Out of Ireland: A Watery Grave | rmcusack (Taken from the Times Globe) |
| Irish to America: 1846 - 1886 | ~wee-monster |
| Bostonians Respond to the Irish Famine | massmonents.org |
| Grosse Isle, Quebec | Wikipedia |
| How Emigration Changed Ireland | cassidyclan.org |
| Famine and Emigration | rootsweb |
| Emigration | BBC |
| Boston Irish Famine Memorial | boston.com |
| Kingston Irish Famine Memorial | SoHo Museum |
| Rochester Irish Famine Memorial | ggw.org |
| The Assimiliation of Irish Famine Immigrants in the United States | Humboldt State University |
| Contemporary Reports on the Famine | |
| Contemporary Views of the Famine | vassar.edu |
| Visual Representation: Irish Famine 1845 - 1849 | Queen's University Belfast |
| Annals of the Famine in Ireland | University of Wisconsin |
| A Critical Examination of a Selection of Travel Writing Produced During the Great Famine | Cork University |
| Times editorial, September 1846 | Swansea University |
| James Mahoney's Account, 1847 | Eyewitness To History |
| Anti-Irish racism during the famine | Nebraska Dept. of Education |
| Letter from the Skibbereen Poor Law Union | Swansea University |
| A Perverse and Ill-Fated People: English Perceptions of the Irish, 1845 - 52 | University of Virginia |
| Thomas Carlyle's 'Reminiscences of my Irish Journey in 1849' (on-line book) | Irish History Links |
| Blight and Disease | |
| Return of the Potato Blight | whyfiles |
| The Irish Potato Famine Fungus | Southern Illinois University |
| Potato Blight | wesleyjohnston |
| Researcher Identifies Irish Famine Pathogen | ScienceDaily |
| Relapsing Fever | Online Encyclopedia |
| Fever During the Famine | BBC |
| Typhus | homepage.mac.com |
| Relief Programmes | |
| The Soup Kitchens | suite101 |
| Private Responses to Famine | Cork University |
| American Donations | Cork University |
| Outdoor Relief | Clare Library |
| Central Relief Committee | University of Cork |
| Peel's Relief Programme to July 1846 | wesleyjohnston |
| Workhouses and Poor Law Unions and Bantry Workhouse, County Cork | ~mgrogan |
| Workhouses in Ireland | ~rootsweb |
| Poor Law Unions in Ireland | Wisconsin University |
| A Nation in Distress: the Poor in Ireland | ancestry.com |
| The Board of Works | nationalarchives.ie |
| Mortality in the North Dublin Union During the Great Famine | ideas.repec.org |
| Carrick-on-Shannon Workhouse and the Famine | ~gartlan at iol.ie |
| The Famine Road | Evergreen State College |
| Local Effects of the Famine | |
| Famine in Kerry | rootsweb.com |
| Famine in Kilkenny | rootsweb.com |
| The Great Famine in County Mayo | mayo-ireland.ie |
| The Famine in Mayo | maggieblanck.com |
| The Famine in Skibbereen | BBC |
| Economics, Agriculture and Land-holding | |
| Irish Potato Famine and Trade | american.edu |
| Pre-Famine economics and Poverty | wesleyjohnston |
| Ireland: society and economy, 1815 - 1870 | Cork University |
| Pre-Famine agriculture | wesleyjohnston |
| The Potato | wesleyjohnston |
| Irish Grain Trade 1839 - 1848 | Wisconsin University |
| Speech on the second reading of the bill for the repeal of the Corn Laws | Victorian Web |
| On Land Monopoly in Ireland: Cecil Woodham-Smith | Cooperative Individualism |
| The Genocide Question | ||
| 1) The Famine Was Not Genocide The famine was an example of misguided economic policy combined with indifference.
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| Why
1,000,000 died 'It is an example of a terrible tragedy, but one that is inevitable only when the profit motive comes before people.' |
All About Anarchism |
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| Irish
Potato Famine 'That
the Famine "amounted to genocide" by the British against the Irish is a
divisive issue and largely representative of the difference in
perspective and attitudes among the Irish-Americans from Irish
nationals. Few Irish historians accept outright such a definition, as
"genocide" implies a deliberate policy of
extermination. '
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Ireland Information Guide | |
| The
Economist and the Famine 'Although...Wilson was horrified by death and suffering caused by the Irish famine of 1845-49, his principles required him to advocate non-interference. 'The Economist has suggested no plan", wrote... Lord Clarendon... "You in fact say do nothing, which is exceedingly comfortable for a gentleman writing by his fireside in London".' |
Swansea University (Originally from the Economist) | |
| Economical
with the Irish '...natural wealth creation require[d] that Irish paupers be left alone to naturally die in agony. The Economist's official historian celebrates the fact. It was not an accident or a misunderstanding. It was absolutely central to a world-view that has carried on right to this day. ' |
BevinSoc | |
| Blair
blames Britain for famine deaths '"Those who governed in London at the time failed their people through standing by while a crop failure turned into a massive human tragedy" [Tony Blair]... Historians agree that the British government could not be held solely responsible for the tragedy.' |
Swansea University | |
| Irish
FAQ: The Famine 'Those who look for a simple answer usually settle on one of two targets: the British government of the time or the Irish themselves. The government is accused of genocide and even of instigating an "Irish holocaust". The Irish are accused of marrying too early and having too many children, making a Malthusian catastrophe inevitable.' |
mojairlandia |
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| An
Act of Providence 'Recent
historians of the famine, while not neglecting the baleful role
of the doctrine of laissez-faire, have been inclined to stress the
potent parts played by two other ideologies of the time: those of
'providentialism' and 'moralism'... a widespread belief... that the
famine
was a divine judgment.'
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BBC | |
| Who Murdered
the Irish? 'The
men in Whitehall...
were gripped by the most horrible, and perhaps the most universal, of
human maladies: the belief that principles and doctrines are more
important than lives.'
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sadlyno.com (quoting from A.J.P. Taylor). | |
| The
Irish Famine in History '[The
famine] can not be
explained away by utilizing the concepts of hate, genocide, evil, or
persecution to mask and obscure its complex and ancient cultural
architecture.'
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willboyne/nosurrender | |
| The
Hunger '[Trevelyan] set about introducing this free market lunacy into the situation in Ireland... He said "..[relief efforts] should be stopped now or you run the risk of paralysing all private enterprise and having this country on you for an indefinite number of years".' |
Socialist Review | |
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2) The Famine was Deliberate Genocide The famine was a calculated campaign of genocide. |
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| Genocide 'It is difficult to refute the indictment
made by one humanitarian English observer in the later stages of the
Famine, that amidst "an abundance of cheap food...very many have been
done to death by pure tyranny". '
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Nebraska Dept. of Education (quoting Dr Peter Grey) | |
| How
British Free Trade Starved Millions During the Irish Potato Famine 'British
"free trade" policy--the same policy Thatcher and her imitators still
fanatically insist upon--caused the genocide of 2 million out of 8
million Irish subjects in four years.'
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The Schiller Institute | |
| History
Corner: The Great Irish Famine 'Never
in the history of mankind was there a government who acted so cruelly
to its people... [It] manipulated the facts to cover up the real truth
of what was happening in Ireland the mass murder of its people and the
destruction of Ireland.'
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Wolfe Tone Society | |
| Irish
Genocide 'The
starvation (and genocide) occurred as the British carried on their
historical exploitation of the Irish people, failed to take appropriate
action in the face of the failure of the potato crop, and maintained
their racist attitude toward the Irish.'
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~codine at aepizeta.org | |
| Irish Holocaust Denial and the Campaign Against Sinn Fein/IRA 'Irish Holocaust denial, or genocide denial, which refers to itself as
revisionism, has evolved over three decades of propagandising as an
important "cutting edge" ideological weapon in the ideological war
against the IRA after 1969.'
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Indymedia Ireland | |
| The Lie of
the Potato Famine 'The widely-accepted English account of the
Starvation
must now, at long last, give way to truth... As Hibernian
Brothers, it is our duty to correct the historical record by...
teaching the truth of this, one of the most shameful episodes of
Western civilization.'
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pioneernet/connolly | |
| Managed
Genocide 'Relief efforts... were stymied by the British
government at every level least the devastation should fall short of
the desired expectations -- the more Irish peasantry [i.e., Catholics]
dead the better. British landowners would rather see cattle and sheep
on the land than Irish people.'
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Irish Northern Aid | |
| The mass graves of Ireland 'Is Britain's cover-up of its 1845-1850 holocaust in Ireland the most successful Big Lie in all of history?' |
Irish Holocaust | |
| 'Rome
was responsible' 'Rome engineered a Holocaust in Ireland and then proceeded to blame the British Protestants.' |
reformation.org | |
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3) Ambiguous Arguments No definite conclusion on the genocide charge. |
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| Hunger
for Justice 'The British were certainly not responsible for the fungus that killed the potato crop. But Great Britain, the wealthiest and most powerful country in the world at that time, did allow 1.5 million Irish men, women and children to die of starvation in a country they controlled, while substantial food supplies were shipped out of Ireland to England. ' |
Swansea University (Originally Guardian newspaper) | |
| US
'clarifies' Irish History 'Children in schools across America look set to be taught that the Irish potato famine last century was an act of genocide by the British government, comparable to the Holocaust.' |
Swansea University (Originally Times newspaper) | |
| The
Great Hunger '... Charles Trevelyan, a civil servant with responsibility for Irish famine relief, believed the famine was divine retribution. The overpopulation of Ireland, he wrote, being altogether beyond the power of man, the cure had been applied by the direct stroke of an all-wise Providence in a manner as unexpected and as unthought of as it is likely to be effectual.' |
hartford-hwp, taken from An Phoblacht | |
| What
Caused the Irish Potato Famine? 'Ireland was swept away by the economic forces that emanated from the most powerful and aggressive state the world had ever known. It suffered not from a fungus... but from conquest, theft, bondage, protectionism, government welfare, public works, and inflation.' |
Ludwig von Mises Institute | |
| The
Irish Famine: Interpretive and Historiographical Issues '...more
recent "post-revisionist" scholarship has again lent support
to the charge against the British, if not of deliberate genocide, then
at the very least of culpable neglect: that the famine was due to
centuries
of deliberate civil and economic repression of the Irish, designed to
strip
the population of land and power in their own country.'
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University of Maryland | |
| Interpreting
the Irish Famine
'Irish international aid agencies have stressed the
historic
parallels between 1840s Ireland and the developing world. They are also
committed to internationalising the Great Hunger and confronting
ideologies that make such disasters possible.'
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Rhode Island State Board | |
| The Irish Holocaust, history's largest cover-up? (Debate) '[England] didn't grab merely Ireland's surplus food; or enough Irish food to save England. It took more; for profit and to exterminate the people of Ireland.' |
Politics.ie |